The liver is found in the right upper corner of the abdomen, immediately below the diaphragm. The bile duct (biliary) system provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the duodenum (through the papilla of Vater). The minor papilla occasionally acts as a useful safety valve when the main papilla is not able to function correctly, but becomes the main site of drainage for pancreatic juices in the congenital variant called pancreas divisum. This is the exit hole for Santorini's duct. In most people there is a second smaller (minor, or accessory) papilla, situated about 2 cm (3/4 inch) above the main papilla, and slightly to its right. It opens by reflex action when foods enter the stomach, so that juices can be released to help in their digestion. The sphincter (of Oddi) surrounds the exit of the bile duct and pancreatic duct.
The papilla remains closed at rest, because of the activity of a muscular valve (sphincter). Rarely there are two separate holes close together within the same papillary nipple. The papilla forms the main exit hole for the bile and pancreatic juices which flow down the bile duct and pancreatic duct. The main papilla of Vater is a small nipple-like structure on the wall of the duodenum, in its "second part." The duodenum is the upper part of the small intestine, into which food flows from the stomach. Papilla of Vater and Minor (Accessory) Papilla Variations can be important some can cause medical problems, others may make treatment more difficult or complicated. The anatomy (design) of the biliary and pancreatic ducts is not the same in every person. Like a river, these ducts gradually join together to form one stream in the main bile duct, which exits (along with the pancreatic duct) into the duodenum at the "papilla of Vater." The gallbladder is a storage chamber for bile, joined to the side of the bile duct by another small tube – the cystic duct. The biliary juices (bile) are made in the tissues of the liver (hepatic parenchyma), and then pass into the biliary ductal system (picture). The exit hole into the duodenum is called the papilla of Vater. The pancreatic juices are made in the acinar tissues, and passed by secretion into the tubes (ducts) for transport into the duodenum. The pancreas is solid (acinar tissues), and contains drainage tubes (the pancreatic ductal system). The pancreas is about the same size and shape as a small banana, and lies in the upper abdomen, towards the back, near the spine. the breakdown of foods into parts which can be absorbed easily and used by the body). The pancreas and liver produce juices (pancreatic juice and bile) which help in the process of digestion (i.e. The pancreas and bile duct (biliary) systems together form an important part of the digestive system.
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